Palestine: A Historical Overview & The Israeli-Palestinian conflict

The medieval era was marked by the emergence of new religious movements and the contest for control over the Holy Land.

1. Byzantine and Arab Rule: After the decline of the Roman Empire, Palestine came under Byzantine control. In the 7th century CE, the Islamic Caliphates, led by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphs, captured the region, bringing Islam to Palestine.
2. Crusader States: The First Crusade in 1099 resulted in the establishment of several Crusader states in the region, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which lasted until the late 12th century.
3. Mamluk and Ottoman Rule: The Mamluk Sultanate took control of Palestine in the 13th century, followed by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. For over four centuries, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire.